CULTURAL-HISTORICAL THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF L. S. VYGOTSKY

Abstract

The article substantiates that L.S.Vygotsky created new real methodology, whose application gave an opportunity to get and most importantly, to interpret absolutely new  and very important scientific facts. Methodological foundations and requirements psychological researches are further analysed. Historical-genetical perspective both on any psychological  phenomenon and psychology of personality as a whole is the first metho­do­logical requirement of any psychological research. Second requirement concerns the analysis (interpretation) of scientific facts. As a subject of research (any psychical phenomenon) exists in reality exceptionally within the framework of integrity, thus analysis in order to be scientific and objective must not lose this integrity. Thirdly, main reason of reduction in modern psychology is that real researches often «shift" from actual psychological object. Next methodological statement is a necessity of special psychological analysis of artefacts. L.S.Vygotsky proved and explored that psychical is determined by psychical, because needs and motives are purely psychological phenomena. Other domains, such as social, spiritual, biological, undoubtedly interact with needs, but never determine them. Influence of the whole (psyche) on all its component parts is really psychological determination. Appropriation of cultural experience, mediated by co-operation with other people, stands here as a substantial condition. It is noted that cultural-historical psychology investigates helping cooperation between an adult and a child in a particular way. A higher mental function emerges for the first time within realm of interpsychological functioning, further shifing into internal, convolute, intrapsychological realm.